The computational characterization of the full catalytic cycle for the synthesis of indoline from the reaction between a iodoacetanilide and an alkene catalyzed by a combination of a nickel complex and a photoactive ruthenium species is presented. A wide variety of oxidation states of nickel, as many as four, Ni(0), Ni(I), Ni(II) and Ni(III), is shown to participate in the mechanism. Ni(0) is necessary for the oxidative addition of the C‐I bond, which goes through a Ni(I) intermediate and results in a Ni(II) species. The Ni(II) species is able to insert the alkene, but not to undergo the reductive elimination necessary for C‐N bond formation. This oxidatively induced reductive elimination can be accomplished only after oxidation to Ni(III) by the photoactive ruthenium species. All the reaction steps are computationally characterized, the barriers for the single electron transfer steps being calculated using a variation of Marcus Theory.
Four Oxidation States in a Single Photoredox Nickel‐Based Catalytic Cycle: A Computational Study
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019, 58 (12), 3898-3902, DOI: 10.1002/anie.201814233.