Understanding Nickel's Role in C(sp3)-H Activation: Structure, Reactivity & Mechanism

We report a mechanistic study of C(sp3)-H bond activation mediated by nickel. A cyclometalated Ni(II) ureate [(PEt3)Ni(κ3-C,N,N-(CH2)N(Cy)(CO)N((N)-quinolin-8-yl))] was synthesized and isolated from a urea precursor, (Me)(Cy)N(CO)N(H)(quinolin-8-yl), via C(sp3)-H activation.  We investigated the effects of solvents and base additives on the rate of C-H activation. Kinetic isotope effect experiments showed that C-H activation is rate determining. Through deuterium labelling and protonation studies, we also showed that C-H activation can be reversible. We extended this reaction to a range of ureas with primary and secondary C(sp3)-H bonds, which activate readily to form analogous nickelated products. Finally, we showed that carboxylate additives assist with both ligand dissociation and initial N-H bond activation, consistent with a concerted metalation deprotonation mechanism.