A light-emitting diode based upon a three-component hybrid inorganic/organic nanocomposite film, comprising a mesoporous TiO2 film, a light-emitting polymer adsorbed to the metal-oxide surface, and a hole-transporting polymer interpenetrated into the film pores (see figure), is described: it allows the luminescence and charge-carrier transport processes to be tuned individually.
![A multilayered polymer light-emitting diode using a nanocrystalline metal-oxide film as a charge-injection electrode](https://www.iciq.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/A-multilayered-polymer-light_eng_noticies_articles_2007_50.gif)